Astaxanthin supplementation in shellfish aquaculture: comparative impacts on growth, immunity and bioavailability solutions

Document Type : Review

Authors

• Fatima Khan ¹
• Einar Ringø ²

¹ Department of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

² The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, The University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Norway

10.22034/iar.2025.2009718.1964

Abstract

Astaxanthin, a keto-carotenoid with significant antioxidative and immunomodulatory effects, has surfaced as a prospective functional feed supplement in shellfish farming. Dietary supplementation has been demonstrated to markedly augment antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx) and regulate critical inflammatory mediators (IL-2, IFN-γ), consequently enhancing survival rates and growth performance in species such as Litopenaeus vannamei, Babylonia areolata, and Haliotis discus under environmental and pathogenic stress. Nonetheless, its extensive utilization is constrained by inadequate bioavailability and elevated production expenses. Furthermore, evidence supporting its efficacy in bivalves is weak, lacking standardized dose–response trials, which impedes its practical use. Recent breakthroughs in nano-encapsulation, protein-lipid complexation, and microbial fermentation are increasingly improving delivery efficiency and economic viability. This study consolidates existing knowledge on the mechanisms of astaxanthin action, species-specific physiological effects, and sustainable delivery methods, advocating for its strategic incorporation into non-finfish aquaculture systems.

Keywords

• Astaxanthin
• Antioxidant
• Bivalves
• Crustaceans
• Delivery strategies
• Immunomodulatory
• Optimal dosages

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