Document Type : Review
Authors
1
Fisheries Research Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Mianwali, Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan
2
Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract
Fish is widely known as a highly nutritious food, rich in high-quality proteins, lipids (including omega-3 fatty acids), vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids that contribute to human health and disease prevention. However, fish processing generates a substantial amount of waste, including scales, skin, skeleton, head, liver, viscera, and eyeballs, which are often discarded. These by-products serve as a potent source of bioactive compounds like collagen, chitin, hyaluronic acid, enzymes, peptides, and unsaturated fatty acids, which possess significant nutritional, therapeutic, and commercial potential. Improper disposal of fish waste not only leads to environmental pollution but also represents a major loss of valuable biomaterials. To address this issue, green extraction technologies such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) have emerged as sustainable and efficient solutions. UAE makes it easier to release bioactive compounds by creating cavitation bubbles that rupture cells, while SFE uses eco-friendly solvents like supercritical CO₂ to extract heat-sensitive compounds without degradation. The recovered bioactive compounds can be utilized in a wide range of sectors, including nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, food and animal feed, cosmetics, and industrial products. Valorizing fish waste through such innovative, eco-friendly techniques not only mitigates environmental impacts but also enhances the circular bio economy. This integrated approach supports sustainable food systems by converting waste into value-added products, thereby promoting both environmental conservation and human health.
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