Hemolymph as a biomarker to access the health of decapod crustaceans: a review

Document Type : Review

Authors

1 Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

2 Research Centre of Fisheries, National research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46, Kab. Bogor, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract

The aquaculture of decapod crustaceans such as shrimp, crab and crayfish has emerged as a significant contributor to the income of tropical countries. This cultivation is being driven by the growing human population, demand for aquatic animal nutrition, and the diversification of fisheries products. However, the emergence of diseases in decapod aquaculture presents a significant challenge, especially those caused by bacteria and viruses. Decapod crustaceans lack an adaptive immune system and rely on an innate immune system that responds to the recognition of molecular patterns in pathogens. Activation of this response triggers cellular or humoral defense mechanisms to combat pathogens. Hemocytes act as mediators of cellular immune components, while hemolymph contains free-cellular components that contribute to humoral responses. This review discussed an understanding of the characteristics and roles of the hemolymph and hemocytes to decapod health. We also describe the innate immunity systems (i.e., cellular and humoral) in decapod crustaceans and the factors affecting their immunity systems. Common tests used to quickly access decapod health were also highlighted to benefit aquaculturists and seafood processors in accessing their stock health status. All these topics are necessary to know before an outbreak happens, as some communities rely on various decapod species, especially shrimp, for their economic well-being.

Keywords

International Aquatic Research
Volume 16, Issue 4
December 2024
Pages 327-342

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